Ngaba iingozi zempilo yezityalo zeAsphalt zikho kuluntu lwakho?
Kutheni Abantu Bethetha Ngeengozi Zempilo Yezityalo Ze-Asphalt Kwakhona?
Qhuba udlule kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi enkulu yendlela kwaye uya kubona ii-silos ezinde, iibhanti zokuhambisa kunye neengxolo zomphunga: umfanekiso ocacileyo wesityalo se-asphalt. Kwabakhi bezi zakhiwo zithetha imisebenzi kunye nenkqubela phambili, kodwa kubemi baphakamisa umbuzo ongxamisekileyo —ngaba iingozi zempilo yesityalo se-asphalt ziya ngokuzolileyo kwiindawo ezikufutshane? Kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, iGoogle Trends ibonisa ukunyuka kwama-60% ekukhangelweni "kwempilo yokukhupha ukukhutshwa kwezityalo ze-asphalt," uphawu lokuba uluntu, abanini-inshorensi kunye nabatyali-mali bakamasipala bafuna ukucaciswa. Eli nqaku lidlula ngaphaya kwe-smokestack ukuze lichaze oko kuthethwa yisayensi, imithetho kunye netekhnoloji kwindawo malunga neengozi ezinokubakho kwaye, okubalulekileyo, into onokuyenza ukuba isityalo sicwangciselwe ukwakhiwa ecaleni.
Yintoni kanye kanye ephuma kwi-Asphalt Plant Stack?
Iziko lemveliso ye-asphalt exutywe ne-Hot-mix (HMA) lisebenzisa i-aggregates yokomisa kwi-300 °C kwaye liyigqume nge-bitumen. Ukudibanisa ubushushu obuphezulu, i-petroleum binders kunye ne-recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) kukhupha i-cocktail yezinto ezingcolisayo:
- Izinto ezincinci (PM10 kunye nePM2.5) — iinxalenye ezincinci zothuli kunye neehydrocarbons ezixineneyo ezingena nzulu kwizicubu zemiphunga.
- IiPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (iiPAH) —udidi lweekhemikhali ezingaphezu kwe-100, ezininzi zazo zihlelwe yi-IARC njengee-carcinogens zeQela 1 okanye 2A.
- Iinxalenye ezinyibilikayo ze-benzene — zihlala zisetyenziswa njenge-proxy yezinto ezinobungozi ngakumbi kumsi we-bitumen.
- I-carbon monoxide, i-sulfur dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen oxides —iigesi ezinxulumene noxinzelelo lokuphefumla kunye nokwenziwa komsi.
Ukusuka kwikhemistri ukuya kwi-epidemiology, umbuzo olandelayo ucacile: zingakanani ezi zinto ezifikelela kumgca wocingo?
Ukusondela Kangakanani Kukufutshane Kakhulu? Ubungqina Be-Epidemiological Ngeengozi Zempilo Yezityalo Ze-Asphalt
Uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo luka-2020 kwi -Environmental Research ludibanise izifundo ezili-18 zomsebenzi kunye nezoluntu. Abasebenzi abaneminyaka eyi-≥ eli-10 bechaphazeleka yi-HMA babonise umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga onyuke ngama-34% emva kokuziqhelanisa nokutshaya. Nangona abemi bengenalo idosi efanayo, ukusondela kubalulekile. Uvavanyo lweMpembelelo yezeMpilo luka-2022 (HIA) eNorth Carolina lubonise imodeli yokusasazeka kwe-PM2.5 kwisityalo esiqhelekileyo se-300 K-ton ngonyaka kwaye lwaqikelela:
- Ummandla we-0–500 m: i-1.3 µg/m³ eyongezelelweyo yonyaka i-PM2.5; ukunyuka okubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo kwiindwendwe ze-ER ezinxulumene ne-asthma phakathi kwabantwana.
- Ummandla we-500–1 500 m: 0.4 µg/m³ ngokwandayo; umthwalo wempilo olinganisekayo kodwa ophantsi.
- Ngaphaya kweemitha ezingama-2 000: umngcipheko oqikelelweyo ongahlulwa ngasemva.
Uguqulelo? Ukuba isikolo okanye ikhaya lomntwana wakho lokuhlala ixesha elide likufutshane nesiqingatha semayile, inzululwazi ithi kukho umngcipheko ongakumbi onokwenzeka —inyani engaziwa kangako ngamabhodi okwahlulahlula iindawo.
Ukuphakama KweeStack Akuyonto Yonke: I-Loophole Yokukhupha Umoya Obalekileyo
Iindawo zokuthetha ngemizi-mveliso ziyakuthanda ukugqamisa ii-stacks ezinde kunye nezihluzi ze-baghouse zanamhlanje; zombini zikhupha ukukhutshwa kwe-curb point-source. Sekunjalo, uluhlu lwe-EPA's 2018 Hot Mix Asphalt Plants emission lutyhila ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-55% yee-PAH zizonke zinokuphuma njengoko ukukhutshwa kwe-escape — uthuli lukhukuliswa ziilori, ii-hydrocarbons ziphuma kwiindawo zokugcina ezivulekileyo, kunye nomphunga wokulayisha ngaphakathi kweyadi. Abamelwane badla “ngokunuka” i-asphalt ngaphambi kokuba bayibone kuba le mithombo isezantsi ihamba ecaleni endaweni yokunyuka. Ngamanye amazwi, impumlo yakho isenokubona ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba imonitha yomgangatho womoya iyenze loo nto — kwaye ewe, eso senzo besisenziwa ngabom.
Ifayile yeTyala: Uluntu Olwala Ukuba yiCanary
Idolophu yaseRiverside, eOregon (eyamkelwe ngabantu abangama-4 200) yajongana nesakhiwo se-HMA esicetywayo esingu-450 K-ton ngo-2019. Abemi baseka i-Clear Air Riverside engenzi nzuzo baza baxhasa nge-$12 000 yee-sensors ze-PAH eziphathekayo. Kwiintsuku ezingama-90, umyinge we-PAH emini engama-400 m ukusuka kwindawo yesityalo unyuke ukusuka kwi-7 ng/m³ (ngaphambi kokwakhiwa) ukuya kwi-27 ng/m³, ufikelela kwi-110 ng/m³ ngexesha lokunyuka kweendlela emva kwemini. Bexhotyiswe ngolu lwazi, ibhodi yesithili yala imvume yomgangatho womoya, ikhankanya "umngcipheko womhlaza wobomi bonke ongaphezulu kwe-1 kwi-10 000." Isifundo: isayensi yabemi inokuhambisa iinaliti zokulawula xa iingozi zempilo zesityalo se-asphalt zilinganiswa ngexesha langempela.
Ngaba iTekhnoloji eNtsha ingenza iAsphalt ibe luhlaza ngokwaneleyo?
Imveliso yangaphakathi, ukufudumeza ngombane okungaphelelanga, ii-hood zokubamba umsi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nezongezo ezixutywe ngobushushu ezinciphisa ubushushu bemveliso ukuya kwi-230 °C zonke ii-slash emissions ngama-30–50%. I-Carbon Trust yase-UK iqikelela ukuba isityalo esikwimeko entle sinokunciphisa i-PM2.5 ngama-65% xa kuthelekiswa netekhnoloji yeminyaka yoo-1990. Sekunjalo, kwaneendawo ezikhupha umbane ophantsi kakhulu zikhupha ezinye ii-PAH; i-dose-response curve ayinayo inqaku le-zero. Ingongoma ephambili: ulawulo lobunjineli luyanciphisa kodwa aluzisusi iingozi zempilo zesityalo se-asphalt, ingakumbi kwii-receptors ezinobuthathaka ngaphakathi kwe-500 m.
Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ngabanini bezindlu, abasebenzi kunye nabacwangcisi besixeko?
Ukuba Uhlala Kufuphi:
- Cela imvume yeSihloko V yesityalo — idwelisa zonke izinto ezingcolisayo ezilawulwayo; thelekisa nemigangatho yomoya ongqongileyo yelizwe.
- Yiya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kwaye ucele iimonitha ze-PM2.5 ezihlala zihleli; idatha kufuneka iposwe kwiwebhusayithi ye-DEQ zingadlulanga iintsuku ezingama-30 ngokohlaziyo lomthetho we-EPA ka-2023.
- Cinga ngesixhobo sokuvavanya ulwazi esisetyenziswa kuluntu (iPurpleAir, iAirBeam) ukuze sibhale ubungqina; iinkundla zamkela idatha eqinisekisiweyo.
Ukuba Usebenza Kwisityalo:
- Gxininisa kwii-respirators ze-half-mask ezinee-cartridges ze-OV-P100 ngexesha lokucoca i-silo; I-OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.1001 iseta i-5 mg/m³ TWA kumsi we-bitumen, kodwa i-NIOSH icebisa <1 mg/m³.
- Zama ukutshintshatshintsha; umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga ukhula ngeminyaka eqokelelweyo yokuchatshazelwa.
Ukuba Uhleli Kwibhodi Yokucwangcisa:
- Sebenzisa i-buffer eyi-1 000 m yezibonelelo ze-HMA ezikufutshane nezikolo, izibhedlele kunye namaziko okunyamekela abantu abadala; oku kubonakalisa izikhokelo zaseJamani naseNetherlands.
- Yenza uhlolo lothuli oluphumayo rhoqo ngekota, hayi rhoqo ngonyaka; funa ukulayisha okuvaliweyo kunye neebhedi zelori ezigqunyiweyo.
Ukutshintshela kwicandelo lezomthetho, khumbula ukuba abanini-inshorensi boxanduva ngoku baxabisa ukhuseleko longcoliseko lwabavelisi be-asphalt ngama-25–30% ngaphezulu kuneshumi leminyaka elidlulileyo—into ekhuthaza ukuphuculwa ngokuzithandela.
Ingongoma Ebalulekileyo—Ngaba Iingozi Zempilo Yezityalo Ze-Asphalt Zingalawuleka Okanye Ziyaphula Isivumelwano?
Isayensi ithi iingozi ziyinyani, zixhomekeke kumthamo kwaye zinzima kakhulu ngaphakathi kwi-radius yeemitha ezingama-500. Ubuchwepheshe bunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ngesiqingatha, kodwa abuyicimi. Ukuqapha koluntu, idatha ecacileyo kunye nokwahlulahlula iindawo kuseyeyona nto inamandla. Ngaphambi kokuba usayine loo candelo litsha—okanye wamkele umsebenzi kwisityalo—zibuze: “Ngaba iingenelo zoqoqosho ezibonwayo zingaphezulu kokunyuka okulinganiselweyo komngcipheko womhlaza wobomi bonke?” Kuphela luluntu olunolwazi olunokulinganisela iimfuno zeziseko zophuhliso nelungelo elisisiseko lokuphefumla umoya ococekileyo.
