Ingabe Izingozi Zempilo Yezitshalo Ze-Asphalt Zicashile Emphakathini Wakho?

Kungani Abantu Bekhuluma Ngezingozi Zempilo Yezitshalo Ze-Asphalt Futhi?

Shayela udlule noma yimuphi umsebenzi omkhulu womgwaqo futhi uzobona ama-silo amade, amabhande okuhambisa kanye nezinsika zomusi: isithombe esingenakuphikwa sesitshalo se-asphalt. Kwabakhi lezi zikhungo zisho imisebenzi nentuthuko, kodwa kubahlali baphakamisa umbuzo ophuthumayo —ingabe izingozi zempilo zesitshalo se-asphalt ziya ngokunyenya ezindaweni eziseduze? Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, i-Google Trends ikhombisa ukwanda ngamaphesenti angama-60 ekusesheni “impilo yokukhishwa kwegesi yesitshalo se-asphalt,” uphawu lokuthi imiphakathi, abahlinzeki bomshuwalense ngisho nabatshalizimali bakamasipala bafuna ukucaca. Lesi sihloko sidlula ngale kwe-smokestack ukuze sichaze lokho okushiwo yisayensi, imithethonqubo kanye nobuchwepheshe bendawo mayelana nezingozi ezingaba khona futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi yini ongayenza uma isitshalo sihlelwe eduze.

Yini Ephuma Emgqonyeni Wezitshalo Ze-Asphalt?

Izikhungo zokukhiqiza i-asphalt exutshwe kahle (i-HMA) zigxile ekuqoqweni kwama-aggregates okomisa ku-300 °C bese zimbozwa nge-bitumen. Inhlanganisela yokushisa okuphezulu, ama-petroleum binders kanye ne-asphalt pavement ephinde yasetshenziswa (i-RAP) ikhipha inhlanganisela yezinto ezingcolisayo:

• Izinto ezincane (PM10 kanye ne-PM2.5) —izingcezu ezincane zothuli kanye nama-hydrocarbon ahlanganisiwe angena ngokujulile ezicutshini zamaphaphu.
• Ama-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ama-PAH) —isigaba samakhemikhali angaphezu kwe-100, amaningi awo ahlukaniswa yi-IARC njengezinto ezibangela umdlavuza zeQembu 1 noma 2A.
• Izingxenyana ezincibilika nge-benzene —ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa njenge-proxy yezinto ezinobuthi kakhulu kumusi we-bitumen.
• I-carbon monoxide, i-sulfur dioxide kanye ne-nitrogen oxides —amagesi ahlobene nokucindezeleka kokuphefumula kanye nokwakheka kwentuthu.

Kusukela kumakhemikhali kuya ku-epidemiology, umbuzo olandelayo usobala: kungakanani lokhu okufinyelela emgqeni wocingo?

Kuseduze Kangakanani? Ubufakazi Be-Epidemiological Ngezingozi Zempilo Yezitshalo Ze-Asphalt

Ukuhlaziywa okuphawulekayo kuka-2020 ku- Environmental Research kuhlanganise izifundo ezingu-18 zomsebenzi nezomphakathi. Izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-≥ eyi-10 yokuchayeka ku-HMA zibonise ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu ekhuphuke ngo-34% ngemva kokujwayela ukubhema. Nakuba izakhamuzi zingabi naso isilinganiso esifanayo esiqinile, ukusondelana kubalulekile. Ukuhlolwa Komthelela Wezempilo ka-2022 (HIA) eNorth Carolina kwabonisa ukusabalala kwe-PM2.5 kusuka esitshalweni esijwayelekile sama-300 K-ton ngonyaka futhi kwabikezela:

• Indawo engu-0–500 m: isilinganiso se-PM2.5 sonyaka esingu-1.3 µg/m³; ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwezibalo kokuvakashelwa kwe-ER okuhlobene ne-asthma phakathi kwezingane.
• Indawo engu-500–1 500 m: 0.4 µg/m³ ekhuphukayo; umthwalo wezempilo olinganisekayo kodwa ophansi.
• Ngale kwama-2 000 m: ingozi ekhonjisiwe engahlukaniseki ngemuva.

Ukuhumusha? Uma isikole noma ikhaya lomhlalaphansi lengane yakho liqhele ngamakhilomitha angamashumi amathathu, ukuvumelana kwesayensi kuthi kungenzeka kube nengozi eyengeziwe - iqiniso elivame ukukhangiswa ngamabhodi okuhlukanisa izindawo.

Ukuphakama Kwesitaki Akuyona Yonke Into: I-Loop Yokukhishwa Komoya Okubalekele

Amaphuzu okukhuluma ngawo embonini athanda ukugqamisa izitaki ezinde kanye nezihlungi zesimanje ze-baghouse; kokubili ukukhishwa kwegesi okubangelwa yi-curb point-source. Kodwa-ke, uhlu lokukhishwa kwegesi oluvela ku-EPA lwe -Hot Mix Asphalt Plants luka-2018 lwembula ukuthi kufika ku-55% wama-PAH aphelele angaphuma njengoba ukukhishwa kwegesi okubalekayo - uthuli lukhukhula emibhedeni yamaloli, ama-hydrocarbon aphuma ema-silos avulekile okugcina izinto, kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi okuphuma ngaphakathi egcekeni. Omakhelwane umoya wehla bavame "ukunuka" i-asphalt ngaphambi kokuba bayibone ngoba le mithombo ephansi ihamba eceleni esikhundleni sokukhuphuka. Ngamanye amazwi, ikhala lakho lingase libone inkinga ngaphambi kokuba i-monitor yekhwalithi yomoya ikwenze lokho - futhi yebo, lokho kukhishwa kwesenzo kwakuhlosiwe.

Ifayela Lecala: Umphakathi Owenqaba Ukuba YiCanary

Idolobha laseRiverside, e-Oregon (elinabantu abangu-4 200) labhekana nesikhungo se-HMA esingu-450 K-ton ngo-2019. Izakhamuzi zakha inhlangano engenzi nzuzo i-Clear Air Riverside futhi zaxhasa izinzwa ze-PAH eziphathekayo ezingama-$12 000. Ezinsukwini ezingu-90, isilinganiso sokugcwala kwe-PAH emini ngamamitha angu-400 ukusuka endaweni yesitshalo senyuke sisuka ku-7 ng/m³ (ngaphambi kokwakhiwa) saya ku-27 ng/m³, safinyelela ku-110 ng/m³ ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwemigwaqo ntambama. Bephethe lolu lwazi, ibhodi lesifunda lenqabe imvume yekhwalithi yomoya, licaphuna "ingozi yomdlavuza wempilo yonke engaphezu kuka-1 kwabangu-10 000." Okufanele ukwenze: isayensi yezakhamuzi ingahambisa izinaliti zokulawula lapho izingozi zempilo zesitshalo se-asphalt zilinganiswa ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ingabe Ubuchwepheshe Obusha Bungenza I-Asphalt Ibe Luhlaza Okwanele?

Ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi, ukushisa okuyingxenye kagesi, ama-hood okubamba umusi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nezithasiselo ezixubene nokushisa ezinciphisa izinga lokushisa lokukhiqiza libe ngu-230 °C konke ukukhishwa komoya ngo-30-50%. I-Carbon Trust yase-UK ilinganisela ukuthi isitshalo esisesimweni esihle kakhulu singanciphisa i-PM2.5 ngo-65% uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bawo-1990. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nezindawo zokukhishwa komoya okuphansi kakhulu zikhipha amanye ama-PAH; ijika lokuphendula komthamo alinaphuzu le-zero. Iphuzu elibalulekile: izilawuli zobunjiniyela zinciphisa kodwa aziqedi izingozi zempilo zesitshalo se-asphalt, ikakhulukazi kuma-receptor azwelayo ngaphakathi kwamamitha angu-500.

Yini Okufanele Ilandelwe Abanikazi Bezindlu, Abasebenzi kanye Nabahleli Bedolobha?

Uma Uhlala Eduze:

• Cela imvume yeSihloko V yesitshalo — ibala zonke izinto ezingcolisayo ezilawulwayo; qhathanisa nezindinganiso zomoya ozungezile zesifundazwe.
• Yiba khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi bese ucela abaqaphi be-PM2.5 abaqhubekayo; idatha kumele ithunyelwe kuwebhusayithi ye-DEQ zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-30 ngokwesibuyekezo somthetho we-EPA sika-2023.
• Cabanga ngenzwa yezinga lomphakathi (i-PurpleAir, i-AirBeam) ukuze ubhale ubufakazi; izinkantolo zamukela idatha eqinisekisiwe.

Uma Usebenza Embonini:

• Phikelela kuma-respirator e-half-mask anama-cartridge e-OV-P100 ngesikhathi sokuhlanza i-silo; I-OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.1001 isetha i-5 mg/m³ TWA yentuthu ye-bitumen, kodwa i-NIOSH itusa <1 mg/m³.
• Cindezela ukushintshashintshashintshayo; ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu iyanda ngeminyaka yokuchayeka eqongelelekayo.

Uma Uhlala Ebhodini Lokuhlela:

• Sebenzisa i-buffer engu-1 000 m yezikhungo ze-HMA eziseduze nezikole, izibhedlela nezikhungo zokunakekela abantu abadala; lokhu kukhombisa iziqondiso eJalimane naseNetherlands.
• Yenza ukuhlolwa kothuli olusabalele njalo ngekota, hhayi minyaka yonke; dinga ukulayisha okuvaliwe kanye nemibhede yamaloli emboziwe.

Njengoba ushintshela enkundleni yezomthetho, khumbula ukuthi izinkampani zomshuwalense wesikweletu manje sezibeka intengo yokumbozwa kokungcola kwabakhiqizi be-asphalt ngama-25-30% aphezulu kuneshumi leminyaka elidlule—isikhuthazo sokuthuthukiswa ngokuzithandela.

Iphuzu Elibalulekile—Ingabe Izingozi Zempilo Yezitshalo Ze-Asphalt Zingalawuleka Noma Ziyaphula Izivumelwano?

Isayensi ithi izingozi zingokoqobo, zincike kumthamo futhi ziyingozi kakhulu ngaphakathi kwerediyasi engamamitha angu-500. Ubuchwepheshe bunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngesigamu, kodwa abuyikukususa. Ukuqapha komphakathi, idatha esobala kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindawo okusebenzayo kusalokhu kuyizivikelo eziqine kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokuthi usayine kuleyo ngxenye entsha—noma wamukele umsebenzi esitshalweni—zibuze: “Ingabe izinzuzo zomnotho ezibonwayo zidlula ukwanda okungalinganiswa kwengozi yomdlavuza yempilo yonke?” Umphakathi onolwazi kuphela ongalinganisela izidingo zengqalasizinda nelungelo eliyisisekelo lokuphefumula umoya ohlanzekile.